Information skills and system Essay Example for Free

In designation skills and outline adjudicateA system is a collection of devices that works together to archive a particular purpose. Examples accept transport system, school system, digestive system and so on A system can be be as followingInput contribution to processing of systemControl commanding processing building blockProcessing transforming scuttlebutt to outfitStorage where content can be put away and retrieved for afterwards put on.Output the outcome of this systemAn hit-or-missness system is a system that accepts info (raw material) as input and entropy (organised data) as output. Examples include a computer, searchable databases etc. An information system is shown belowPurpose The subroutine and function of the systemInformation process The process of converting data into informationParticipants All people who argon involved in the systemInformation applied science The equipment and instruction intentd.Data and information Data, the input (r aw material), and information, the output ( polished data).The information process Collecting gathering of data from real world. Eg entering details Organising preparing data for the use of other processes. Eg arranging data into tables Analysing converting data into useful information, ordinarily more digestible. Eg creating a graph from tables of data Saving and retrieving storing data/information for later uses. Eg saving inventory onto warm drive. Processing making convince in data/information, including updating, correction of error etc. eg spell check Transmitting and receiving exchanging data/information with other information systems, near of remote. Eg internet, e-mailing Displaying presentation of information. Usually user-friendly, easy to understand. Eg entering graph onto screendigital representation of dataAll data is in a central process unit is tasteful as electrical currents. Data is usually converted into binary decimals, consisting l unrivalled(pren ominal) 1 or 0, where 1 represents on and 0 represents off-key. Different data types argon converted divergently, and this will be discussed in in additionls for organising later.double star digitsDecimalBinaryEach digit in a binary decimal can only be 1 or 0. To convert from decimal x to binary divide x by highest possible power of 2, then divide left over by highest possible power of 2, reprise until 1 or 0 is left. Eg 25 = 24 x 1 + 23 x 1 + 22 x 0 + 21 x 0 + 20 x 1 at that placefore 25 decimal = 11001 in binary. To convert binary into decimal you do the reverse. Eg 101011 in decimal is 25 x 1 + 24 x 0 + 23 x 1 + 22 x 0 + 21 x 1 + 20 x 1 = 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 43ASCII code systemThe ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) system uses binary decimals to represent different characters. Each digit takes up memory of 1 bit it takes 8 digits i.e. 8 bits i.e. 1byte to form a character. 1024bytes (210 bytes) = 1KB 1024KB (220 bytes) = 1MB 1024MB (230 bytes) = 1GB etc different combinations of any 8 bit forms a character. ASCII includes virtually if non all symbols, including intangible ones eg Del, Space etcHexadecimalsHexadecimal is employ in computing when there are too many digits for binary decimal. Eg 255 have 8 digits in binary but only 2 in hexadecimal. It is used for large value digits such(prenominal) as in the case of html colour panels.Hexadecimals are 16 digit based 10 15 is replaced with A F respectively. To convert decimal to hexadecimal or hexadecimal to decimal uses the same(p) method as binary conversion, but 16 based.Eg converting 1980 into hexadecimal1980 = 162 x 7 + 161 x 11 + 160 x 12 in that respectfore 1980 in hexadecimal is 7BCEg converting 15FA into decimal163 x 1 + 162 x 5 + 161 x 15 + 160 x 10= 4096 + 1280 + 240 + 10= 5626Therefore 15FA in decimal is 5626.Social and Ethical issuesHealth of human automobile trunk can be affect through use of information systems. The study of human body and applied sc ience is referred as ergonomics. The following are a few health problems the can arise form the use of information systemTools for information process CollectingThe collecting process involves deciding what to collect, where to collect form and how to collect.Hardware for collecting different dataText keyboard, text scanner, voice recognitionNumbers h middle-aged on code consumeers, data loggers, keyboardImages scanner, web camVideo video recorders, digital cameras phone micro-phone,Software for collecting different dataText Microsoft wordNumbers Microsoft excelImages scanner softwareVideo windows media playerAudio Sound recorderOrganizingText as explained before texts are converted into binary decimals to be processed by other processes, e.g. displaying, analysing etc. Examples of file types word document, HTML, PDFNumbers Like text, apiece numerical number can be converted into a binary number. vernacular file type excel, word documentImages An image is an electro nic copy of a picture, photo, scanned document etc for display on screen. All images are make of pixels, which are the smallest controllable display element on most screens. There are two types of imagesBitmapped each pixel is treated individually and represents bits in memory. Their size, colour, tone etc is ancestryd and therefore takes up large amount of memory. The most commonalty bitmapped file types are BMP (high quality images), JPEG (less memory, lossy compression method) and GIF (maximum 256 colours for cartoons, lossless compression by less colour and smaller size).Vector end points containing information about the line (thickness, colour, gradient etc) common type of file is PNG, but not supported by early versions of internet explorer.Audio serial publication of sound measurements. Digital samples are created from real sound waves. The higher frequency of taking samples and the more occupy they are, the better the quality, but the larger the file. Common file types are MIDI and waveform (MP3, MP4 etc).Video A series of still images recorded at high speed, usually along with sound. Hugh in file size. Common file types include animated GIF, MPEG, scud etc. data is organized using key frames, one for each image that forms a video/animation when playedAnalyzingAn example of analyzing data is creating a graph in a spread sheet. Charts and graphs are the most popular ways of analyzing data. They show relationships, trends and comparisons at a glance. The impact (use of colours and symbols to draw attention to important data), speed (obvious) and simplicity (easily understood) made it popular. E.g. software excel, computing deviceSaving and retrievingSaving and retrieving is important because it allows alter data to be stored and edited later on. Most information systems have a primary storage and a secondary storage.Primary storage is used to store data/information that needs to be instantly accessible to the central processing unit. It uses si licon chips on the motherboard to store.RAM random access memory, where frequently used data/information and instructions are stored. When the power is cut off everything in RAM disappears. Data are accessed directly without going through other things.Cache is some other example of primary storage. It has the same functions are RAM, but is temporary storage for quick access.ROM read only memory, permanent memory where instructions are stored. These instructions are not to be edited or it may distract the processing of the computer. These instructions are applied when booting the computer.Secondary storages are usually portable. magnetised tape long thin plastic coated with thin layer of magnetic metal. Magnetic tape can store large amount of data for a cheap price and wee space. However it uses sequential memory access, which takes a lot of time. e.g. video tape. Good for back up.Magnetic harrow works the same as magnetic tape, but with a circular piece of plastic/metal. E.g. ha rd disk / floppy disk. Uses random memory access.Optical media uses laser technology to read and write on CD, CDR or CDRE. Written with high power laser to create lots of tiny holes on disk.Flash memory is erasable memory chips e.g. USB, SD card, memory stick etc.ProcessingExamples of processing software audio editing programmes, movie maker, video editorsTransmitting and receivingBuses and ports are used for transmitting and receiving. Buses are connections between CPU and other parts. Ports are sockets that allow an external device to be installed. E.g. e-mail is transmitting and receiving mails.DisplayingPrinter, monitor speakers etc. most monitors are displayed in pixels. Number of pixels on the screen can be adjusted.Planning, deigning and implementation apprehension the problemThis is the first stage of developing a system. It involves depicting the problem that needs to be solved and find out the requirements of the new system through surveys, interviews, analysing existing system, investigation, research etc. Draw up a project plan, specifying who, what how, when consisting grant charts, schedules, dataflow diagrams, journals, plans etc.Making decisionsDetermine the feasibility (is it possible) of this new system, analysing potential solutions and makes a recommendation. A feasibility study shows nature of problem and overview of existing system noticeing problem outline constraints (economical, cost vs. benefit technical, technology requirements and demands schedule, time wise organisational, fitting the goal of organization) restates aim of new system in detail see data collected suggest solution no change, new system, investigate etcDesigning solutionDiagrams such as data flow diagram or system flow chart are used to show context of new system.Data flow diagram is a graphical way of covering the flow of data within the system. O process, ? external entity, ? Data storage, ? data flow.System flow chart shows both flow of data and logic of syst em. Terminals, input/output, process, database, decision, flow line.Decision trees show all possible decisions and their results.External specification the appearance of new systemInternal specifications providing technical support to build the system, identify process required by new system, specifications for input data.Information technology application software may be available e.g. existing accounting softwares. If not then programme has to be written and meets the exact needs of new system.Technical specification new hardware support need or not. user documentation user manual for new system. Must be user friendly.ImplementingThis is the stage of applying the new system. There are three ways of converting to the new system Direct conversion where the new system is tout ensemble replacing the old system. Does not allow time to check that the new one works correctly, old system is erased. Parallel conversion the new system and old system is run at the same time to allow room for error. Phrased conversion gradual implementation of new system. Certain new ones are implemented while other old ones are still operation. Each operation is individually tested. pilot project conversion when a small part of the organization uses the new system. If new system fails, old is there to back it up.Training is needed to teach participants to use the new system. The participants include those who are learning and those who are teaching. Who needs to be trained is decided upon their existing knowledge.Testing, evaluating and maintainingSystem needs to be tested to fancy that it runs correctly. Results are compared to expectations and initial aims. Determines if change is required. Occurs after minor adjustments.Evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the system to identify areas of weakness that needs to be changed.Maintaining is the modifying of system after installation, upgrading by making minor improvements.IPT year11 exams study notes