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Friday, May 31, 2019

Omar Khayyam The Enigma :: essays research papers fc

PROLOGUEOmar Kahyyam was primarily a mathematician and an astronomer. He was an extremely intelligent individual who wrote m both theories in physics and metaphysics. He is also attributed with the reformation of the Persian calender with seven other great intellects to create a calender more accurate than the Gregorian calender. Ironic all in ally he is known to the macrocosm today for his translated collection of lyrical quatrains called the Rubaiyat. His life and models are somewhat of a mystery because he was rather unpopular until after his death. Yet the work he is most known and beloved for is considered to have been a gross mistranslation of both character and content.This paper will be divided into six sections. The send-off is the prologue. The prologue was used to introduce Omar to the reader. Next there will be a apprize biography of his life and major influences of his work. Following this will be a section on his magnum opus and only work, The Rubaiyat. This will include literary criticism of his famous work. After this there will be a brief conclusion to sum up the overall paper followed by an epilogue with my opinion on Khayyam. Finally in my bibliography the reader will see my sources for look for and my opinion on those books. I. OMAR KHAYYAM, THE ENIGMAIn the history of world books Omar Khayyam is an enigma. No poet of any time period has received greater recognition and fame through with(predicate) such a enormous misreading of his work. Known today world wide, Khayyams works would undoubtable be unheard of in modern day literature in they were not translated by English writer Edward FitzGerald. The paradox is that FitzGerald misinterpreted both Khayyam and his works in his translation to start an unending conflict1. FitzGerald added to his editions of the Rubaiyat a biographical report entitled Omar Khayyam The Astronomer Poet of Persia. In this he wrote his opinion that Khayyam was an anti-religious materialist who believed lif es only meaning was to be found in wine, song, and worldly pleasures Having failed (however mistakenly) of finding any Providence but Destiny, and any world but this, he set about making the most of it preferring rather to soothe the soul through the senses into assent with things as he saw them, than to perplex it with vain disquietude after what they might be.... He takes a humorous or perverse pleasure in exalting the gratification of sense above that of intellect, in which he must have taken great delight, although it failed to answer the questions in which he, in common with all men, was most vitally interested2.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Divorce Essay -- Social Issues, Children

Divorce is viewed differently by many people. Sometimes this is due to experiences, what others have said, or looking at studies that are non always accurate. However, non everyone poop have the same views to the highest degree marriage ending in dissever. In the article, No Easy Answers Why the Popular View of Divorce Is revile by Constance Ahrons she shows her view on divorce. Ahrons believes that divorce does not have long-lasting damaging effects on children (65). Divorce can affect children in the family and the way the decisions are made is what will change the way the kids are influenced. First of all, opposing viewpoints say that divorce can cause the child to smelling want their life is not going to be the same. In contrast, this is not a highly supported statement. One thing that is commonly stated about divorce is, once two married parents with children decide to divorce, that they are no longer a family (66). Although, they may not be living together in the same house it does not mean they are still not a family. No matter what, the parents will always be linked to for each one other because of the children. Is that not the definition of a family? In addition, assumptions are made that if people are married with kids that they are an ideal family This is not the case, if the marriage is not working out and is only causing problems amongst the parents and kids than that is not considered a family either. Divorce does not cause children to lose their family, if anything it helps to fix them. Moreover, people say that kids feel like their life will have to change drastically because they will have to lose one of their parents. Divorce does not mean that the children will drop a relationship with one of their parents. Some divorces may be like... ...e fairly small or big but either way the child is changed in roughly way. No matter how people view divorce, there is no wrong viewpoint. In the end, the effects are rarely long-term on the chi ldren. In conclusion, divorce is an extremely diverse subject, and it is going to be viewed in a different way by many individuals based on their experiences. Sometimes divorce can be the best thing for the couple as well as the child. If a marriage is only there for the child then that could affect them only when as much as a divorce (65). The outcome on how serious the effects are on a child after divorce can vary. It is all revolved on how the parents handle the divorce what decisions and choices they chose to make will change the way the child is affected. When it comes down to it, you can choose to try out your family as rearranged, or you can choose to see it as broken (62).

Graduation Speech: God has Blessed Us Richly :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

As springtime fades to summer and my years in high school draw to a final end, I pitch often felt within me a gentle beckoning to moments of quiet and thoughtful repose. Here memories of times long past, of friends new and old, of dreams born and forgotten, of affections kindled and discarded so deluge my mind that I am thoroughly overwhelmed by their sweetness so curiously mingled with their sorrow. Then often I turn to gaze pensively at the future, clouded and unsure, yet gloriously bright with hope and expectation. And in these blessed times of sweet recollection and ready anticipation, I have prove one enduring joy, one unshakable rock, one sure haven in the unending faithfulness and discern of my Lord and my God.Truly, His mercies have been new perpetuallyy morning. He has upheld me with His righteous right arm. He has led me in paths of righteousness for His names sake. He has broken me that I may delight in Him alone. And when I have fallen, He has clothed me in the garb o f His clemency washed me in the sea of His grace. I know He will keep me in the years to come. oft in these last months, when I wonder about the future -- where I will go, what I will do, who I will become -- I summon a solace in the words of Paul Now to Him who is able to do exceeding abundantly beyond all that we ask or think, accord to the power that works within us, ... to Him be the glory forever and ever. Amen. I cannot fathom the depth of such a statement -- that He can turn tail me exceeding abundantly beyond all my greatest dreams, all my highest aspirations, all my wishes and desires and hopes. He can give my life meaning beyond what I could ever imagine. What a glorious hope, what a bright future there is for those in ChristYet so many have not found this future. this night I feel a tinge of fear, a chill of imminent peril for myself and for you, my dear class. I have no doubt that your discipline will earn great success, for God has blessed you richly with many gifts and talents. Nor do I fear that you will fail in this life or strip into any great evil. I do not even doubt that most of you will remain in the blessed ways of our Lord, learning to love and cherish Him more and more.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

song of solomon :: essays research papers

When Milkman goes to Pennsylvania to look for the gold, he was actually in search of his familys past. One of the themes in the story is how the history of African Americans histories are not clear and hot. The fact that the history of Milkmans family history is so unclear and unrecorded he goes through a long journey to discovery it. on the way he goes through many places and meets many people that help him find his family history.Milkman thought the bag that Pilate had was filled with the dead white mans gold, but when he reaches Pennsylvania he realizes that he is wrong. He found out the truth when he meets ancient Circe. Ancient Circe is a woman he meets and she represents a someone who is linked to Milkmans past. She was living through the Civil War and mid-wifed Macon and Pilates birth. Circe knew his ancestors and she told Milkman that the bones in the bag were her fathers bones. All this is too oftentimes for Milkman to believe without actual proof, so he travels to Vir ginia in hope to find the whole truth. Before Milkman could reach where he intended on going in Virginia, his car breaks down so he went to an auto shop in Shalimar, Virginia. In Shalimar heWhen Milkman goes to Pennsylvania to look for the gold, he was actually in search of his familys past. One of the themes in the story is how the history of African Americans histories are not clear and unrecorded. The fact that the history of Milkmans family history is so unclear and unrecorded he goes through a long journey to find it. Along the way he goes through many places and meets many people that help him find his family history.Milkman thought the bag that Pilate had was filled with the dead white mans gold, but when he reaches Pennsylvania he realizes that he is wrong. He found out the truth when he meets ancient Circe. Ancient Circe is a woman he meets and she represents a person who is linked to Milkmans past.

Comparing Bennetts Hamlet with Branaghs Hamlet Essay -- comparison c

Comparing Bennetts Hamlet with Branaghs Hamlet Many of Shakespeares works have been commute from stage to screen, none so more than Hamlet. Two of the most unique film appropriations of the play are to be found in Rodney Bennetts 1980 film and Kenneth Branaghs 1996 blockbuster. The 2 films share many parallels between them in both interpretation and method, however they also have marked differences in their respective approaches to the textbook. Perhaps the most unambiguous difference between these two versions is that Branagh uses the full unabridged text whereas Bennett cuts the play down by an hour or so Kenneth Branagh justifies his use of the full text on the BBCs website stating When you cut the play ... what often happens is that you compress a lot of very intense set pieces and it becomes unbearable to watch. You simply fail to take well-nigh things in because you need a breath. Another marked difference in the two versions lies in the focus of the two f ilms. Bennetts Hamlet focuses almost entirely on the character of Hamlet himself and the domestic tragedy that occurs around him. An example of this in the film how Derek Jacobi as Hamlet speaks directly to the camera while in soliloquy. This establishes a certain rapport between Hamlet and the viewer, as if he is speaking directly to them, this also makes the film seem more theatrical in a sense. Branagh de-centres the story from around Hamlet and focuses on the wider situation, particularly with regards to Denmarks political situation. In this appropriation Hamlet is merely one player among many. This interpretative decision is reflected in the casting of the film Kenneth Branagh takes the title role among severa... ...rbook vol.8 Hamlet on Screen, Ed.H. Klein & D. Daphinoff, Edwin Mellen Press, 1997 Sauer, David Kennedy. Suiting the Word to the Action Kenneth Branaghs interpolations in Hamlet, Shakespeare Yearbook vol.8 Hamlet on Screen, Ed.H. Klein & D. Daphinoff, Edwin Mellen Press, 1997 Wilmeth, Thomas L. Fortinbras on Film Safe Passage for the Prince, Shakespeare Yearbook vol.8 Hamlet on Screen, Ed.H. Klein & D. Daphinoff, Edwin Mellen Press, 1997 Audio Visual Bennett, Rodney. Hamlet, Shakespeare W., BBC Education, 1980 Branagh, Kenneth. Hamlet, Shakespeare W., Castle Rock Entertainment, 1996 Internet Resources The Filming of Hamlet - Text Interpretation. BBC Education, 15/03/02 http//www.bbc.co.uk/education/hamlet.html Cineaste Branagh Interview, Cineaste Film Review, 15/03/02 http//www.cineaste.com

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Essay --

IntroductionConsidered to be the greatest playwright to ever have lived, William Shakespeares works continue to intrigue and entrance audiences around the world. Imbued with imagery, his comedy A Midsummer Nights Dream is perhaps one of his more fantastic but none the less(prenominal) intricate plays. Presiding over the proceedings, the moon is the uniting feature of the play. With its multi-layered symbolism it is the thread that connects the different characters and weaves the tale together.1. The Keeper of TimeUpon its first mention the moon is utilise as a marker for the passage of time. In the opening lines of the play Theseus, the duke of Athens, laments to his fiance Hippolyta that time is passing too slow and blames this on the moonTHESEUS Now, charming Hippolyta, our nuptial hourDraws on apace four happy days bring inAn different moon but, O, methinks, how slowThis old moon wanes She lingers my desires, wish to a step-dame or a dowagerLong withering out a young mans reven ue.(1.1.1-4 (Shakespeare and Brooks))The old moon keeps Theseus waiting for his wedding wickedness with Hippolyta, on the new moon. Theseus compares the old moon to an older woman, which stepmothers or a dowager usually are, and accuses her of keeping from him what is his to have, Hippolyta and their wedding night, like old widows might keep an inheritance from a young man. 2. The idle GoddessUnlike the impatient Theseus, who mourns the dark moon, Hippolyta sees the moon as a symbol of Cupid and his arrows, which unite loversHIPPOLYTA four nights will quickly high themselves in nightFour nights will quickly dream away the timeAnd then the moon, like a silver bowNew bent-grass in heaven, shall behold the nightOf our solemnity. (1.1.6-11 (Shakespeare and ... ...moon, therefore creating the image of the Man in the MoonSTARVELING This lantern doth the horned moon presentMyself the Man ith Moon do seem to be.(5.1.235-236 (Shakespeare and Brooks))Thus the moon takes on another more comical and amusing role in contrast to the darker, more serious roles it holds towards the other groups. ConclusionReturning to the introduction, the moon is not only ever present, it actively influences the proceedings throughout the play, not only connecting characters, but also giving them elbow room for their actions. Shakespeare once again displays his dexterity with imagery through his manifold portrayals of the moon one moment merely the indicator of time, the next a symbol of the goddess Diana, at once a symbol of order and chaos, of happiness and discord, fertility and chastity, it encompasses all that transpires on the stage.

Essay --

IntroductionConsidered to be the greatest playwright to ever have lived, William Shakespeares works continue to fascinate and entrance audiences around the world. Imbued with imagery, his comedy A Midsummer Nights Dream is perhaps one of his more tempestuous alone none the less intricate plays. Presiding over the proceedings, the slug is the uniting feature of the play. With its multi-layered symbolism it is the thread that connects the different characters and weaves the tale together.1. The Keeper of TimeUpon its offset mention the moon is used as a marker for the passage of time. In the opening lines of the play Theseus, the duke of Athens, laments to his fiance Hippolyta that time is passing too speechless and blames this on the moonTHESEUS Now, fair Hippolyta, our nuptial hourDraws on apace four-spot happy days bring inAnother moon but, O, methinks, how slakeThis mature moon wanes She lingers my desires,Like to a step-dame or a dowagerLong withering out a young mans reve nue.(1.1.1-4 (Shakespeare and Brooks))The old moon keeps Theseus waiting for his wedding night with Hippolyta, on the new moon. Theseus compares the old moon to an older woman, which stepmothers or a dowager usually are, and accuses her of keeping from him what is his to have, Hippolyta and their wedding night, like old widows might keep an inheritance from a young man. 2. The Moon GoddessUnlike the impatient Theseus, who mourns the dark moon, Hippolyta sees the moon as a symbol of Cupid and his arrows, which unite loversHIPPOLYTA four nights will quickly steep themselves in nightFour nights will quickly dream away the timeAnd then the moon, like a bullion bowNew bent in heaven, shall behold the nightOf our solemnity. (1.1.6-11 (Shakespeare and ... ...moon, therefore creating the image of the serviceman in the MoonSTARVELING This lantern doth the horned moon presentMyself the Man ith Moon do seem to be.(5.1.235-236 (Shakespeare and Brooks))Thus the moon takes on another more com ical and amusing role in crease to the darker, more serious roles it holds towards the other groups. ConclusionReturning to the introduction, the moon is not only ever present, it actively influences the proceedings throughout the play, not only connecting characters, but also giving them agency for their actions. Shakespeare once again displays his dexterity with imagery through his manifold portrayals of the moon one moment merely the indicator of time, the following(a) a symbol of the goddess Diana, at once a symbol of order and chaos, of happiness and discord, fertility and chastity, it encompasses all that transpires on the stage.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Questions for Exam 3

1) kindly authority theory is traced to the 18 th century work of which theoriser? 2)social control theorizer ask which theoretical question? 3) beccarias social control theory argues separates are? 4) Ivan Nye introduced which ideal to social control theories? 5) according to Nye ___refers to rules and Norms that are instilled in conscience as children 6) social control theories argue divagation is a caused by? ) things to keep students busy after school exhibit which of the four components to Hirschis social bond theory 8)Hirschis argument that juveniles who enter adulthood too soon, are more likely to become deviant which form of social bond does this support? 9) when deviance is perceived to not cause injury or harm to anyone it is which technique of neutralization? 10) which theorist introduced techniques of neutralization to social control theories? 11)techniques if neutralization are used in order to? 2)according to Sykes techniques if neutralization Robin Hoods behavi or of stealing from the rich to give to the poor is justified and neutralized through which technique? 13) which if the following are not examples of victimless deviance include? 14) which additions to social control theories would examine the different levels of control placed on boys and girls in particular households as affecting deviance? 15) according to the power control theory ___ constitutes the first agents of socialization in the family 16) which theory is designed to predict all behaviors beyond criminal and or delinquent? 7)the general theory of crime argues what about ego control and stability? 18) which theorist explains the stages and trajectories of deviance of life course theories 19) which of the following is not a component of life course theory in theorizing a lesser likely hood of deviance? 20) life course theories examine and primarily focus on the social bonds between? 21) which of the following are labels ensnare in high schools 22) which theoretical orien tation examines the social meaning of deviance through labels and how people are understood and defined through such stereotypes 23) symbolical interactionism is a ___level perspective 4) what is key in defining deviance? 25) according to labeling theorists which of the following statements are true? 26) _____is a status imposed on an individual or a group which may or may not be related to actual rule breaking 27) labeling theorists ask which of the following questions 28) which labeling theorist examined police contact and juvenile delinquency, in which he argued the contact may over dramatize relatively common acts of deviance? 9) _____ deviance is when common violations of the norms go across and the identity of a deviant is not developed 30) ____ deviance is when deviant behavior occurs as a means of defense, attack or adjustment by a label and reactions to labels already developed 31) which labeling theorist introduced primary and secondary deviance to this orientation 32) a ____ status refers to the status that shapes perception and behavior of those close to you and is considered the most important status 33) which of the following ways does labeling lead to secondary deviance? 4) which type of deviant act is considered symmetricalness rule breaking? 35) residual rule breaking is a form of what type of deviance? 36) which of the following are major findings in the roughnecks and saints lease? 37) which of the following theorists introduced the ideas of intergravity shame and stigmatization cause of labeling in his piece crime, shame and reintegration? 38) ___ is when an individual is viewed as a good person but they have just committed a bad deed. 9)which theorist found mental illness stigmas or consequential and negatively affect those with a mental illness life 40) labeling theorists would argue that which of the following policy implications 41) ____ theories would study cooperations and the human suffering corporate action and power struggle c ause to society 42) which theoretical orientation examines the social construction of deviance by deconstructing impertinent groups and discourse of attitudes, legal rights, implications of change etc.? 43) conflict and loss theories are _____ perspectives 4) what type of economic system are Marxist and conflict theorist unfavourable of 45) according to conflict theorists which of the following statements is true? 46) ____ theorists argue revolutionary overthrow of the capitalist system 47) _____ theorists argue reform rather than revolutionary overthrow 48) which Marxist theorist wrote communist manifesto? 49) __ and ___ theories recognize conflicts exist especially in capitalist societies and it arises from power 50) which Marxist theory argued capitalist conflict is divisonary meaning it is designed to keep workers focused on issues promoting division competition and is vs. them mentalies

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Masculinity and World War Ii

Masculinity and universe of discourse contend II The image of Man has changed throughout time. Dominant constructions of masculinity, which argon basic wholey attempts to stabilize gender identity, argon developed within the dynamics of put forwarding cultures and societies. The male stereotype, which is still prevails nowadays, started rising at the end of eighteenth beginning nineteenth century in atomic number 63 with a coarse concentration on the males body. The stereotype made the world look at man much like a type rather than an individual.Masculinity was strengthenceed due to the positive stereotyping, however for those that did non con gain to this label or fit in with the ideal, were negatively stereotyped. Being an alien who was born in a diametric country made it especially interesting to penetrate the Ameri send word culture and research about American masculinity. Truly, ofttimes of the progress of all country has been defined around the lives and accomplish manpowerts of great men. One cannot begin infrastanding the history of America without understanding manhood and the influence of the male. In every generation in America, manhood has been in the center of life and progress.It constantly strives to uphold its own traditions while trying to redefine itself. I impart done a lot of research about American masculinity and how it has been changed throughout the history. While going through different literature about the spirit of masculinity, I came to the conclusion that for many men, the idea of masculinity is deeply tied to legions prowess and adventure. One cannot but agree that war, the most violent and peremptory of human acts, is the paradigmatic mannish enterprise. Military service is one of the rites of manhood it makes men men.Moreover, war makes nations masculine, too. This paper examines the nature of masculinity and the role of masculinity in America. My main focus is on the changes in definitions of masculinity during the WWII Era and goes on to discuss the psychological and emotional effects of the war and the subsequent readjustment efforts in the same era. In this work I will try to explore different authors conclusions about masculinity, its changes and/or problems during the WWII and in its post-period. War, more than any other action, offers the ultimate test and demonstration of manhood.Indeed, it has been suggested that the sole cause of war is masculinity. War requires masculine energy and communal effort. It engages man in the age-old counterpoint between courage cowardice, right and wrong, aggression and compassion. In his book Manhood in America A Cultural History, Michael Kimmel concentrates his attention on a cock-a-hoop set of questions about the importance of masculinity I do believe that a comprehensive historical account of the American experience can no longer ignore the importance of masculinity and especially of mens efforts to prove their manhood in the making of Ameri ca (5).For the soldier who fought during the WWII, the country conveyed upon him the pose of manhood. It was a war which redefined American masculinity. Although it led men to brutality on a very personal level, it served the hero archetype well. To embody courage under the most gruesome circumstances, the soldier has to repress his fear. To embody strength, he had to repress his feelings of vulnerability. In situation, what war required is manliness The men who were the outgo soldiers were, in effect, the best men (Gagen 23).Elizabeth A. Gagen in her article Homespun Manhood and the War Against Masculinity Community Leisure on the US home front, 1917-19, discussing the war and its influence on masculinity, states that military masculinity became more entrenched in myths of heroism as sacrifice as citizenship was masculinised and masculinity was militarized (27). Even though the authors concentration is mostly on the WW I, Ganger discusses a lot about masculinity and the effect o f wars on American cultures.Gagen locates the early-century crisis of masculinity in the loss of control men were experiencing the authority of white, middle-class men was being threatened by the increasing presence of women in the public sphere. While on the one hand it was great opportunity for economic success, it also destabilized traditional gender and class hierarchy. All this placed a lot of pressure on the soul of American manhood. As it started happening, across America men returned to an increasingly protected wilderness in the hope that rehearsing primitive beginning sports might revive in them their primal instincts.As Ganger goes on, she brings a very interesting point of view, where she connects the image of fighter with the image of hero and explains the mens necessity to participate in the war While blood sports and boxing could go some way towards providing a satisfactory venue for cultivating masculinity, there was something peculiar to war that was uniquely desir able. When all around them masculinity seemed to be failing, war appe ared as the last frontier of manliness a crucible in which masculinity could be reborn. (27) A military service man was not just an aggressive heroic individual, he was a unique blend of masculinity.Therefore, for American man the war became a great opportunity to show their aggression, strength, courage and endurance. All these are the qualities of manhood. Similar to Gagen, Christina Jarvis, a psychologist and a professor at the State University of New York, in her discourse If He Comes Home Nervous U. S. World War II Neuropsychiatric Casualties and Post War Masculinities, illustrates the traditional masculinity ideology. She uses the analogy of medieval knightly chivalric code. The chivalric code was the guiding prescript that highlighted the designated features of medieval warrior class as unyielding, heroic, and tough.The chivalric code, as Jarvis notes, would in turn have a significant influence in developi ng the ideals of traditional masculinity in the earlier 20th Century World War years. During the same period, the perceived notion of masculinity gender superiority was prevalent in then overly patriarchal society that existed at that time. The society depicted military masculinity as invincible. The common notion was that since men are physiologicly more capable than women are and that only the toughest got into the military, then masculinity ultimately surpassed shallow emotional vulnerability.The United States came out of the conflict viewing itself as a masculine nation. The postwar generation of American men grew up revering a hero image, but, as it turned out, there was one major problem. The heroes too often didnt see everything the same way as the other people did. What they brought back from the war were oppressive memories that wouldnt go away. What they brought back from the war was emotional detriment and enormous challenges in reintegrating with domestic life. While they were recruiting in anticipation of war, American soldiers trained vigorously pledging their undying dedication to protect and defend their country.Jarvis asserts that it was a religious duty for all soldiers to uphold bravery, resilience and courage, which were among the core military ideals. As it turned out, the perceived masculinity resilience ideal was actually overrated. Besides sustaining somatic and physical harm in the course of the war, American servicemen apprehended severe psychiatric and emotional injury as well. These soldiers witnessed atrocities and inhumane acts of war and saw the physical torture of many as well as demise of others in the battlefield.This in turn caused some of them to apprehend psychiatric harm in form of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Similarly, the servicemen who sustained severe bodily harm that left them physically handicapped suffered from acute mental and emotional disorders. As such, physical and mental injuries are inseparable. As C hristian Hoge in his work Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care explains, the course of World War II altered the preconceived notion that masculinity was beyond emotional vulnerability.In his discourse on mental harm during the World Wars and the Iraqi war on terror, Hoge asserts that the war shattered the spirit of American soldiers given that they had to watch their helpless colleagues die of intensive injuries, disease and starvation. Some lost close friends and relatives in the proceeds of war. This, as a result, undermined the traditional masculinity ideals while people began to appreciate that despite their bravery, soldiers were human beings with emotions and feelings and not as invincible as everybody initially thought. legion(predicate) soldiers came under immense stress while in the battlefield.Some of them began to re-evaluate their dedication to defend the integrity of their country amid a situation where it seemed that every one had forsaken them. At this point, fighting for personal natural selection went beyond defending the national integrity. The war exposed the emotional dimension of men as they began worrying about their families back at home and the in time ardent masculinity ideology began to wither. As soon as the mainstream news periodicals reported on the psychological harm imposed on soldiers by the war, literary advice in form of aesculapian opinions on remasculinisation of war veterans began to emerge in late 1944.In his discourse on the early years post-war scenario When Johnny Comes Marching Home, David Wecter wrote that the rebuild of a war neurotic, sent home for treatment, must begin by convincing him that he is not a coward or a failure, but a battle casualty just as truly as the man who lost a leg (547). His sentiments reflected the mainstream thoughts of the American people at the time. There was a widespread public outcry concerning the psychological welfare of the soldiers who had dedicated their unrelenting efforts to preserve the integrity of America. Jarvis in her work depicts the same problem soldiers faced during and by and by war.But, she states that early in the war, soldiers and sailors who broke down under the pressure of combat or military life were generally discharged instead of treated. According to military psychiatrists Malcolm Farrel and John Appel, as Jarvis goes on , these early discharges stemmed from the idea that initially the military thought it was possible to contemplate an Army made up of the unction of American manhood (100). Given the militarys initial assumptions that only servicemen with weak egos broke down, early psychiatric casualties were stigmatized especially when soldiers were labeled as psychoneurotic. This marge associated with both the feminine and insane. As a result the armed forces began a program of prompt treatment. The term combat exhaustion has been invented by psychiatrists Despite the fact that labels such as battle fatigue, combat exhaustion, and old sergeant syndrome actually represented approximately one quarter of the wars total neuropsychiatric admissions, military personnel and the public readily embraced the terms because they destigmatized psychiatric wounds by conveying a sense of masculine toughness rather than weakness. 101) Seeing as the traditional masculinity ideology had significantly shrivelled in the course of WWII, America dedicated its efforts towards a physical and psychological readjustment cause. Apart from the prep of intensive care for the psychiatric casualties, Americas special medical consultants sought to de-stigmatize psychiatric conditions. Psychiatrist George Pratt in his book Soldier to Civilian Problems of adaptation reassures the casualties that the term psychiatry does not necessarily connote insanity.He says that on the contrary, the terms psychiatry and neurology as used in this post-war context implied a leaving from average personality tr aits or temperament that render a soldier unsuitable for military service (14). In bid to clarify the paradigm shift and divergence of the post war psychological discourses, Pratt explains that these psychiatric discharges resulted from what he terms situational stressors and not due to flawed personality or ego.Pratts efforts in de-stigmatizing psychiatric war injuries oversaw a rapid psychological recovery of the casualties. He notes as well that the condition was in all likelihood temporary save for a few cases of acute neuropsychiatric disturbances. Through his profound medical expertise, Pratt recommends the post war psychiatric casualties to share their war experiences with their families as well as medical experts.He reckoned that this would help in the gradual healing process and the ultimate restoration of the traditional masculinity ideals. What we know about manhood and masculinity now gives us an extraordinary opportunity to become relevant in our own time. The old mode ls of manhood provide a too-limiting definition for the complex sense of manliness. As we can see through examples from history, men are more than just unemotional beasts, who are ready to die for their nation and their country any time they are needed.Man can be a soldier, man can be a warrior. No matter in what situation the society puts our men, we shouldnt forget that they are just human beings and nothing human is alien to them. It might sound very sad but the war in some way helped a soldier to figure out what true manliness is. One of the friends of Jess, who is the main character of the book Stone Butch Blues by Leslie Feinberg, once utter that everyone gets scared once there is a danger, but to be courageous means to go ahead in spite of being scared.Men should realize that for all of us they are already heroes because they didnt hesitate to go and fight for their country and their people. Manhood and masculinity in America are expressions of many different ideas and senti ments. This review touched the idea that there is no single definition of man. And war, as one of the most important factors, showed us how far away from the earthly concern the societys prospective about masculinity might be.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Intro to Ethical Hacking: Oceanâۉ„¢s 11 show Essay

Ocean 11 , perhaps one of the most successful films of all time in bringing together several of the biggest names in the movie business was never really expect to have such a cult succeeding(a) . In the 1960s this heist film was created by Lewis Milestone with the goal of featuring the original rat packers , Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Sammy Davis Jr , Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford . During this time , it was never expected that this would be such a success in its later years yet in a 2001 remake of the film , it opened up the immunity to a whole host of opportunities by again featuring some of the biggest names in the business such as George Clooney , Brad Pitt and Julia Roberts.The 1960 s Ocean s eleven movie was based on a series of thefts of Casinos along the Las Vegas strip by a number of World War II veterans which was earlier based on a story that was heard from a gas station attendant by Gilbert Kay (Levy 1998 . The basic premise of the movie is the impudent Year s Eve heist which is planned by the group . The success is virtually ensured as no group as highly prepare has ever attempted to commit such a heist . The plan is to blow up the tower to create a diversion and under the crosscut of darkness , steal the money from the cashier s cages and then load them into garbage bins.Oceans 11 shows how elaborate internal prevail systems back end turn out to be. For luxurious 5-star Casinos, making sure no smart-aleck can cheat in a game is already a huge take in but safeguarding of valuable assets is top priority. It is hard to emphasize how Casinos need to have significant amounts of cash reserves in their in house coffers. And this fact is not unknown to the public, more so to schemers. And just like banks and financial institutions, it is imperative for Casinos to invest in a control system that would stop these burglars.No subject how hard an organization strives to protect its assets, the possibility of theft continues to exist. Even a stron g internal control is not an absolute deterrent to fraud and crime. in that respect are cunning minds who will stop at nothing to get what they want. Oceans Eleven has a happy ending for its criminal protagonists. In real life, though, fraud and theft have led to the sad endings of many companies, such as Enron. Now, more than ever, it has become increasingly important to have a company strategy that highly integrates internal control, and a deep ethical foundation. Without this, a companys management could be the perpetrator. Effective internal control should be supported by a control environment that promotes ethical decisions. As accountants, we must firmly uphold the ethical standards of our profession, despite the pressures and temptations that we may encounter.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Commentary of a Passage Taken from â€Â the Comfort of the Strangers âہ“ Essay

The changeover taken from The Comfort of Strangers by Ian McEwan essentially describes the want of devil sisters Eva and Maria to compute beautiful and furthermore the denial of their parents towards the girls desires. It is written in the third person i.e. the omniscient. The transit conveys few symbols Beauty through the want of the sisters to look gorgeous ie. lipsticks, mascaras make up etc. , The truth and honesty through the confession of the boy.Owing to the fact that, when cosmetics are used they dont dilate the true face or beauty of the person they also symbolize the deceptiveness of appearances. The main centralized theme in this passage is deception. The girls lay assumption on their brother for not disclosing whatever they did in the absence of the elders. But, conversely, we see that the boy divulges every action of his sisters.Furthermore, there are a couple of first-string themes childishness in the first paragraph and tension of the girls that their parents wo uld return soon. We see that passage gradually passes from the afternoon to later in the afternoon and then to the dinner. So, it is chronological. The passage, when ascertained started with an exclamation and a question as well. So Did my sisters hate me? This paints a picture of the dubiousness, the author is having about whether his sisters in the future will lay self-assurance on him or not. The Speaker in the passage is Robert the young brother of the teen girls. At first he seems to be tranquil characters moving well with his sisters. But in the last part we observe a friction developed between him and his sisters.This passage can be humorous to the audience in particular to kids who do not have any kind of desires as such of the sisters mentioned in the passage. The way the sisters have been cheated can be funny. In contrary to the humour, the passage can also generate a sense of discontent in the readers mind as the sisters had been cheated and their actions have been d isclosed which they wish for. The passage is set in house. The situation in the first can be said to normal as elements of love and relationship can be observed. ironically , as the day advances into the afternoon and into the evening a large variance is observed. The tension of the girls and the seriousness when they are blamed can be discerned.Along with this sorry atmosphere created when the girls are blamed , when the first part is carefully swot up it can be noticed that a pleasant mood is indicated. Initially, in the passage, we see that the author uses they, them and their frequently. Hence repetition is observed. In the later part the author addresses the sisters to look like American film stars, thus using metaphor. The only passage can create empathy in the minds of the readers curiously in adult girls towards the two sisters. As a consequence there are a voltaic pile of images produced in the readers mind.The girls waving their arms in the air to dry their nails and the metaphorical image Girls addressed as the American film stars. Imagery, especially in this passage explains the frame or the situation much more in detail. Every action returns to its source it may take very poor time or even aeons . The confession had alienated the author from his sisters. His actions left him pondering whether his sisters will again lay trust on him in the future.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Ethnography †Amish Religion Essay

In the modern era of technological and scientific advances such important animation values as morality, feelings, and faith in particular still play key part in life of many lot throughout the undivided world. Regardless of various religions practiced globally, the Amish the great unwashed attract attention of many scholars, scientists, and sociologists owing to their distinctive traditions, rituals, and uniqueness. The background of Amish religion goes back to the 16th century.At that snip a Swiss pope Jacob Ammann who is referred to now as the creator of Amish church left the Mennonites, the Protestant conjunction because they poorly observed the rules of the main postulates. At the roll of the 18th century the adherents of Jacob Ammann drive home set active process of migration from Germany, Switzerland, and Austria to Northern America. Arriving to this new undiscovered world they organized about fifty churches to worship their religion.A considerable figure of immigrants take over chosen such states as Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Ontario to be their final destination point as they were characterized by the most favorable modality (BELIEVE pietism In organisation Source). The Amish people concelebrate every other Sunday in private houses. Typically, men and women sit in different rooms during the church suffice not to disturb each other. In addition, the service is conducted by the pope, a pair of ministers, and a deacon. It has been historically established that women do not participate in managing and implementing go and rituals.As the Amish people traditionally reside in coun label communities of about 150 people, they think that such human feelings as arrogance and overcharge are the grave crimes generated in a growing store of knowledge an individual whitethorn have. To stay away from this trouble and raise their offsprings in an surroundings of absolute obedience and submission, Amish people have set their own education system where thei r kids stop attending school after the 8th grade collectable to the idea that extra knowledge may harm their perception of the world and incite such unwelcome reactions as arrogance and ambitiousness.The followers of Amish religion think that the understanding and knowledge obtained during high school and college is totally worthless for the agricultural activity of their community. (Wikipedia). In situation, the representatives of Amish religion still possess characteristic features that vividly give their strict submission to their major postulates. The following are key points of Amish religion Faith and family connections. The Amish consider religion to be closely associated with families as it the foundation for emotions, attitudes, formation of the consciousness, understanding of the world, etc.They believe that faith helps them to be more openhanded, kind-hearted, sincere, and responsible. The Amish are characterized by their own set of priorities established during thei r adolescence. This includes faith as priority number one, followed by family, agricultural activity, local community activities, and communication. The head of the family is in most cases a man who is responsible for financial and other important issues. Women are in charge of children upbringing and organizational issues of family life such as visiting guests, traveling within the Amish communities, etc.Amish women wassail quilting and are very illustrious for it. Typically, family members keep in touch with each other even after children leave their home and create new family. The marriages are only allowed among the members of the Amish community. During their lives most of the Amish have only one spouse and never divorce. They consider faithlessness as a crime and hence are rarely involved in cheating. (BELIEVE Religion Information Source). Refusal from technology is motivated not by individual choice but rather by the fact that it may serve as a reason of negative aspects of human behavior such as egotism, idleness, etc.Machinery or, to be more correct, the absence of it, has always been vital question in Amish agricultural community. They believe that technological innovations may lead to ambitiousness and indifference in terms of agricultural duties and responsibilities of community representatives. Playing a key role in scientific development, technology is not accepted among Amish people as it may turn the people away from their roots and origin. Electricity is in like manner prohibited as well as public transportation, telephones, home appliances, etc. In fact, there are several advantages of lighting candles, riding horses, and farming.At the outset, agricultural products grown in the Amish community are organic, as they never include chemical fertilizers. (Wikipedia) Social behavior. Owing to their cultural and religious beliefs Amish people remain isolated from the rest of the world. They try to minimize their communication with strangers, foreigners, and people unknown to them. However, it doesnt mean that they will stay away from you and let you die without giving you a hand. Amish people enjoy serenity, freedom, quietness, and peacefulness of their surrounding environment.Therefore, they usually laugh and speak quietly, walk slowly, and never offend each other. It is not typical for Amish community to use cameras because it may be taken as an interference of ones private life. They believe that posing for cameras bring harm to their worldview. It is also rude to ask questions about beliefs, habits, and customs. Amish people appreciate respect, privacy, and space. Therefore they might not be excited to let the person in if s/he enters their territory without knocking the door (or in some way notifying about the arrival) or feeding their horse/pig. About, Inc. ) Problematic issues. The biggest challenge of being the representative of Amish religion is the separation from the rest of the world that may be both useful and harmful for the person and the community. Leaving school at the age of 15 is also somewhat unreasonable due to the fact that the knowledge gained during high school and college may become very practical in farming, agriculture, and daily routine work. Newly invented equipment can make the lifestyle of Amish people considerably easier giving them more time for church services and communication within their community.More often than not, foreigners perceive Amish people as aboriginal creatures and therefore in most cases it is very complicated to establish contact between each other. Also, non-Amish people have different points of view in terms of education, sociology, lifestyle, politics, etc, which also aggravates the situation and turns Amish away from them. One more significant challenge of living away from society is emergency cases. Typically, it takes long time before rescue services or police receive information about some emergency cases.Recently, more and more cases have been reported when parents sexually abuse their daughters, brothers-in-law sexually hassle their sisters, etc. According to Amish postulates, no aggression should be present and no punishment included. However, in case of crime, the accused person should be isolated from Amish community for a certain period of time depending on the cruelness and immensity of the crime. In conclusion, it would be rather well to note that Amish religion comprises unique traits that have both negative and positive effect on their lifestyle as any other religion in the world.Referencehttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amishhttp//pittsburgh.about.com/cs/pennsylvania/a/amish_country.htmhttp//mb-soft.com/believe/txn/amish.htmhttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/10570c.htm

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Footlocker

Rakann Ammari Fin 431, Exam 1 February 17, 2010 stand console Incorporated Risk Prevention Methods Foot locker Incorporated (ticker symbol FL) is a U. S. based come with that operates worldwide. Their services include the sale of various athletic equipment, sports apparel and products. correspond to their company background, as of the commencement ceremony of 2009 Foot footlocker operates roughly 3,600 sell stores in 21 countries worldwide (About Us).Although Foot Locker provides their goods through both local sell stores and an online based direct-to- customers program, my risk bangment tactics forget primarily focus on local retailers and warehouses and their risks. The five risks I cod chosen are employee thieving within the local branches and through bank themes, customer theft within the store, physical injuries to customers and employees on Foot Locker property, property damage to Foot Locker property due to obscene die hard conditions and the risk of displace expenditures of necessary inputs that are used in the production of various Foot Locker goods including stemwear.One of the about essential inputs in the production of footwear is rubber. As a risk manager, I must take into account the possibility of the cost of rubber increasing. According to the commodities index ran by indexmundi. com, the impairment of rubber has increased every month for the past 6 months. In January 2010, the price of rubber increased to $139. 73 from $92. 86 merely 6 months ago in August of 2009 (Rubber Monthly Prices). This nearly 34% increase in the commodity price of rubber could have devastating effects on Foot Lockers cost of production.This increase will potenti totallyy increase the cost of producing foot and athletic wear, which in turn will increase retail prices. The lack for consumers to purchase high end Foot Locker products will then decrease as retail prices increase. Rubber frame the main input in producing footwear however the leather us ed in everyday footwear is prevalent enough to be looked at. Due to the fluctuating productivity and ability during the current economic downturn, buyers tend to be less predictable. Earlier, the buyers anticipated sales trend and placed orders well ahead of time.But now they keep back to ensure retail off-take before placing orders. Improving speed of operations even as one keeps cost down is important (Business name). This efficiency has brought down leather prices. Leather prices are also dropping and this contributed to leather costs coming down to 50-60 per cent from 70 per cent (Business Line). Although this decrease in leather costs could latently help the cost of footwear production, the main input in footwear production is rubber. As the price of the main input of my product increases, I must be ready to counteract this risk.In doing so, I am also performing another risk by hedging the cost of my inputs. I must be willing to set a pre-determined price of rubber to be purchased from my wholesaler for a set bill time. Although I take the risk of the price falling below my set price, since the prices have increased at a constant rate for the past 6 months my current risk is dramatically lower. By setting the price 6 months ahead of time I, as a risk manager, potentially prevent the 34% loss that could have occurred over the past 6 months. Along with the speculative risk of price fluctuation, there are many pure risks that come when providing goods to consumers.Employee theft is one of the most common risks an employer or company takes on when doing business. Every year billions of dollars are lost by businesses nationwide to employee fraud and theft and the come up of incidents are rising. (Schaefer 1). Employees could steal currency, merchandise, and illegally redirect customer account information to a private account. A former Foot Locker employee was fated to five long time probation and ordered to pay nearly $26,000 in restitution for taki ng the companys money to cover his cyberspace gambling debts (The Maui News). Although a prison sentence and or a large fine may be the consequences of such employee theft, the $385,000,000 of cash and cash equivalents (2009) available for theft seems to lure in potential thieves ( balance Sheet). The $1,120,000,000 in merchandise inventory available for possible theft is a savoring number to employees and even Foot Locker customers. Shoplifting is a prevalent crime within the United States that must be controlled by risk managers.During December of 2009, a Foot Locker in Atlanta, Georgia was robbed when jurisprudence arrested two adults and four juveniles in a smash and grab job. (CBS Atlanta 1) Unlike employee theft, customer theft is limited to the $1,120,000,000 in merchandise inventory ( labyrinthine sense Sheet). Although the inventory and cash could potentially be recovered from the employee(s) or customer(s) through a lawsuit, as a risk manager I would need to take preven tative action. I would create loss control by having surveillance cameras both watching customer and employee actions.This includes surveillance on all cash registers and credit card machines. Also, I would inform both the customer and employee they are being watched and remind them of the potential prison punishment for any crime move by posting signs throughout the store. For employees I would conduct thorough background checks to prevent the hiring of former high profile convicts. I would also spread the pecuniary resource among various managers I would not allow a single manager to keep track of or control the finances of any single retail store or warehouse.Finally, as a risk manager I would follow up on any customer complaints with any banking issues and take into account any reported suspicions by employees about other employee or customer theft. In order to further prevent loss, I would purchase an redress form _or_ system of government to insure any outsized amount of f raud or crime committed. Another risk held by business owners is the possibility of a lawsuit by customers and or employees for sustaining incarnate injuries. Customers or employees may slip on an unmarked wet spot ca development a concussion or other bodily harm.Also, a tall person might hit an unmarked metal shutter or sign. Injuries may range from a no problem act or bump to a serious lawsuit involving several injuries. An employee may sever his or her spine after falling off a 20 foot latter while trying to stock merchandise or be severely harmed while operating footwear machinery within a company warehouse. The potential loss and costs can be irreparable depending on the lawsuit. Several precautions should be set in place. Prior to employment, I would mandate all employees to sign a contract indicating that a lawsuit against Foot Locker cannot be conducted.The contract would include bodily injuries. However, a severance package nether workers compensation will be rewarded to all deserving employees pending a full investigation. As of 2009, company severance packages totaled $13,000,000 (Balance Sheet). I would also provide training on how to stock merchandise within a retail store warn customers of a wet floor or potential harmful area and teach employees how to operate equipment within a warehouse. For customer lawsuit prevention, I would have managers post clear signs where potential harm may occur.Also, I would post a sign right outside of every retail store transferring injury risk to all customers that step foot into a Foot Locker location. Furthermore, I would purchase several insurance packages against high stakes lawsuits from employees or customers that obtained bodily injuries on Foot Locker property. employ these measures reduces Foot Lockers liability to customers and employees. However, the risk to Foot Lockers property is always rampant due to prospective weather disasters. The potential cost during a weather disaster such as a flood or a hurricane can be enormous.Although the idea of all of Foot Lockers stores and warehouses being affected at the same time is highly improbable, the potential can be exceedingly high. The net value (purchase price subtracted by accumulated depreciation) of Foot Lockers buildings, furniture, fixtures & equipment reached $223,000,000 in 2009 (Balance Sheet). This amount of loss could potentially bankrupt Foot Locker without the possibility of coming back into business. To prevent such a loss, Foot Locker could place their warehouses in locations with a lower potential for harmful weather conditions.Locations that tend to have a hotter climate with low wind gusts are ideal due to the low probability of property damage. Also, I would purchase insurance on all property, furniture and equipment that would covered a loss due to catastrophic weather. A precautionary measure to minor damage could be using flood bags during a flood and making sure exposed sections of property are sufficien tly covered to prevent wind from damaging interior assets. To supply on, in order to protect employees from harm a risk manager should make sure all tinge equipment is working roperly and all employees understand emergency procedures. As a risk manager, assessing risks and developing the appropriate amount of precautionary methods to prevent potential risks is essential. Keeping track of these risks while evaluating the possible loss is scarce as essential and a well developed report will help subordinate these risks.ReferencePage Footlocker. com. About Us. 2010. http//www. footlocker-inc. com/company. cfm? page=aboutGambling Debts Over Internet Tied to Thefts. Former Footlocker Theft Case. 2010. The Maui News. 7 February 2008. http//www. aproundtable. org/gamblingsruinedlives/im. htmlIndex Mundi. Rubber Monthly Prices. 2010. http//www. indexmundi. com/commodities/? commodity=rubber&months=300Schaefer, Patricia. Employee Theft a Big Problem. Business Know-How. 2006. Attard Communications. http//www. businessknowhow. com/manage/employee-theft. htm

Local Human Service Agency Summary Essay

I visited the Child preservative go mental representation for my interview. I chose this agency for two reasons. The first reason is because I plan to work for this club after obtaining my degree. Secondly because I am a foster p atomic number 18nt and I would to know how the agency works from the opposite perspective. The occurrence worker I spoke was Kathy Basham. The interview took place on supercilious 3, 2012. I was really excited to talk to her because she had floated between numerous positions within the agency and I mat like she would be able to answer all of my questions. This interview helped me to gain a clearer understanding of what the responsibilities of a eluding worker are. I got to hear about the struggles as well as the triumphs. I withal gained insight on the ethical and legal concerns that the agency experiences, and how they handle with these matters.During this quantify, Mrs. Bashams focal responsibility is with the canvas team. Her job was to invest igate reports of peasant abuse and neglect. In order to do her job efficiently, she must do a sequence of intake interviews with the children and families that have been reported. Gathering the findings of these interviews will aid in making the finality whether abuse or neglect has happened. If the finding are determined that in that location is a concern the allege laws state that the children must be removed(p) from their home and place with family or in foster rush. afterwards making this determination, Mrs. Basham makes recommendations for the well- be of the child, she next sends in her reports to her supervisor and they make plans for the next steps to take action. go will be determined based on if whether or non the child is in fast danger. If they deem that the children are in danger they will order an emergency custody hearing. Mrs. Basham has utter that there are often many false reports. She said false reports are aggravating because the process is time consumi ng and they cause workers to waste time they could be spending on true cases. Child antifertility Services (CPS) has several intervention programs that areavailable to families. They are valuable to the prevention of child abuse, as well as programs that are available to families and children who have open child abuse cases.They offer many other therapy programs, such as parenting classes, prevention and treatment anger management classes. Foster care programs are also offered. The Kentucky Department of Child Protective Services serves families of every in bang level however many reports come from lower income areas. Child Protective Service case workers experience various different kinds of ethical dilemmas. Mrs. Basham stated that there is a great level of sentiment in this sort of work, for the families and case workers. It is normal for family and parents to thigh-slapper or act violently toward her doing the intake interview process. She also said that her job can be frustra ting at times but she reminds herself of her sole focus, which is ensuring that childrens safety within their family setting and their general well-being. Ethical dilemmas differ from case to case. One ethical dilemma almost all CPS workers see is clients wanting to know who reported them.Kentucky state law prohibits workers from disclosing that type of cultivation. Mrs. Basham admits that would be simpler if she could tell them because many clients traverse to cooperate unless she tells them. Borderline neglect cases can also be ethical dilemmas. These sorts of cases include homes that are unsound to live in. Many homes are repellent, however if there is no immediate danger the case workers do not have the authority to remove the children. Even though its not allowed, when this occurs rough case workers will find alternative reasons to remove the children from such an environment. It has been said that even if a child is in a dirty environment it does not necessarily mean the child is being neglected. In some cases if the environment is truly unfit to live in the children can be removed. Sometimes if the house is filthy the children may be also so the family may be referred to a program that assists them develop animateness skills to teach them about hygiene.CPS worker must comply with certain legal requirements while performing intake assessments. They must follow all agency and state law guidelines and policies while investigating child abuse reports. When abuse reports come in, case workers must visit the home within 24 hours. In more serious reports the worker has 2 hours to report to the home. All cases must be either magisterial or closed within 30 days. Elevated cases usually involve children being removed from their home. Whenthis occurs Ms. Basham turns the case over to a case worker which will monitor the child through the foster care system or family placement. Case workers are required to try to find suitable family placement first. If not possible the child will be placed with licensed foster care providers. CPS is licitly required to inform the parent and/or guardian that the child is being removed.After the child is removed they must inform all pertain parties of court dates, treatment plans and any other information concerning the child. The disadvantages of Mrs. Bashams job include underfunded agencies include, high rates of turnover in the staff, large case loads and being understaffed. The State of Kentucky offers assistance programs for individuals entering the human service field including such as tuition assistance like financial aid, extensions on paying back student loans, and loan forgiveness.To be an employee for Child Protective Services of Kentucky it requires that you receive a four year Bachelors degree in social work, sociology, human services or an equivalent degree. Regrettably, Mrs. Basham was not capable of giving me any additional information on the requirements for an internship. My interv iew with Mrs. Basham lasted approximately an hour. I was able to obtain a deeper insight of the labor involved in being an investigator in child abuse and neglect cases. The interview expanded my pursual in the field of child protective services and I feel like it is an exciting and recognize career choice.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Hunter-gather to settled community Essay

step-up of existing peck routes Silk Roads, Mediterranean Sea, Trans-Saharan, Indian Oceandue to innovations and technology (caravans, compass, larger ships, credit) The rise of naked as a jaybird trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes Commercial growth due to new trading organizations (Hanseatic League), and express practices (minting of coins, theme money) and state-sponsored commercial infrastructures such as the Grand Canal of mainland China Trans-Eurasian trade as a egress of the expansion of empire (china, Byzantine Empire, Muslim caliphates, Mongols) Cross- Cultural exchanges through existing or new networks of trade and communication.The diffusion of cultural, scientific and technical traditions and new food crops, agricultural techniques, and epidemic diseases (including the Black Death) along east Hemisphere trade routes Byzantine Empire, Chinese dynasties, Islamic states, Mongol Khanates, and feudalism in Europe and lacquer The expansion of state syste ms in the Americas Mayan city states, Mexica (Aztecs), Inca Technological and cultural transfer among states and empires, including tang China and the Abbasids, across the Mongol Empires,and during the Crusades Increased agricultural and industrial production in many regions due to technological innovations (such as Chinmpa(floating plants in the water) field systems) the expansions of textile, porcelain, iron and exports from china, Persia and IndiaRevival of urban centers, the rise of commerce and warmer temperatures between 800 and 1300 rising agricultural productivity and population, and the greater availability of labor.Varying forms of labor organization free fry agriculture, guild organization, several forms of coerced and unfree labor (serfdom, mita, slavery)The spread and diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neoconfucianism, and corresponding changes in gender transaction and family structure.Intensification of existing regional trade networks, bringing prospe rity and scotch disruption ot the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and overland Eurasia.European synthesis of technological developments based on knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds resulting in new tools, ship designs, and understanding of global wind and current patterns.New transoceanic maritime reconnaissance mission Zheng He in the Indian Ocean, Portuguese in West Africa, Spanish voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific, European searches for multiple routes to Asia across the North AtlanticA new global circulation of goods driven by mercantilist European monarchies, with worldwide circulation of silver from the Americas, colonial joint-stock companies, and the use of free and unfree laborers mixing African, American, and European cultures and peoplesThe Columbian trade of diseases, foods, and domesticated animals betweenEastern and Western hemispheres, with subsequent population increase in Afro-Eurasia but original po pulation loss, deforestation, and soil depletion in the AmericasWorldwide innovations in visual and performing arts, such as the conversion in Europe (with its accompanying expansion of literacy)A growing global demand for raw materials and complete products, resulting within Africa and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and the Americas and a range of coerced labor in American colonial economies (indentured servitude, encomienda system)The organic law of new political and economic elites as a result of imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities, such as the Manchus in China and creole elites in Spanish AmericaFluctuating provide of existing elites such as the nobility in Europe and daimyo in Japan, as a reult of more and more powerful monarchs and leadersGender and family restructuring demographic changes in Arica resulting from the slave trades, the trade relationships of Southeast Asian women and European men, and the smaller size of European familiesMassive demographic changes in the Americas resulting in new ethnic and racial classifications (mestizo, mulatto, creole)Use of a variety of methods by rulers to legitimize, consolidate, and centralize power including monumental architecture, urban design, religious ideas (European prognosticate right, Aztec human sacrifice, Songhay promotion of Islam), differential treatment of ethnic and religious groups (Ottoman treatment of non-Muslims), recruitment of bureaucratic elites and soldiers professionals (Ottoman devshirme, Chinese examination system, samurai), tribute collection, and tax farmingIncreased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to express largeempires in both hemispheres European trading- post empires in Africa and Asia land empires in China, India, the Middle East, and Eurasia (Manchus, Mughals, Ottomans, Russians) Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British maritime empires in the AmericasCompetition over trade routes (Caribbean piracy), state rivalries (Thirty Years War), and local resistance (samurai revolts) challenged state consolidation and expansion

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Dark Lord Essay

Lightning struck the tower pinnacle, and briefy the citys main square was swamp in light. A violent storm was brewing nigh the city of Magelan, of the world of Ralon on the choas planes. entirely around the city the guard, dressed in mail of shadowy black, were attempting in vain to surpress the riots that where in place. sight had taken the oncoming storm as a sign from the gods, to rise up and overthrow the malevolent Maraj who ruled their city. The foolish mortals guard taken our bait, their city is in choas my Dark sea captain Iekkob The bodyless enunciate echoed around the dim moon-lit entrance chamber of the great palace.Suddenly, with a blaze of flame and inpenitrible black smoke, a haoma appeared. Slowly becoming less hazy the figure walked towards the base of the stairs, leaving scorched ft prints in the shining marble floor. As the the figure reached the thresh-hold of the crystal staircase, one of the statues that lined walls lazily walked towards him. The statu ed musical composition was no longer a granite grey but shrowded in black and dark crimson robes. My Lord Iekkob The voice sounded again, but it was no longer bodyless. The statued man spoke it, softly, stealthily, yet clearly. I am pleased, Liwl, you have fooled these pathetic mortals well.The planes of choas are at a time aptly named thanks to your teachery. The one named Liwl smiled at his apparent Dark Lord, who had now come into full focus, his cloak burning fiery red to match the embers glowing in his eyes. convey you my Lord, I did as you instructed. Every temple, every priest, believed me their deity and followed my orders without question Yes that is what worries me. As weak minded as those who dwell upon the Ethereal Plane are, they would have sensed an intrusion in one of their temples. Especially by you Liwl, they are especially suspicious of the God of Assains and Thiefs. For a moment he gazed upwards towards the top of the stairs, just about caustiosly. Then it passed, an air of confidence and role grew about him, and he grew in size as he, with a great sweep of his cloak, transcended the great staircase in one leap. He was closely followed by Liwl, who had climbed the stairs quietly, quickly, making sure to stay in the shadows. Hey you Peasant What are you doing inside the palace shouted a guard of the palace, armoured in shining gold mail. The Dark Lord looked at the man lead towards him, drawing his schimitar, and laughed.The sound pierced the air, and as it did the guard halt. With a look of great pain he fell to the floor, blood now pouring from his skin. He lay there squirming, spasming with pain. The Dark Lord stopped laughing, gazed upon his victim, and with a slight movement of his hand incinerated the body. My Lord, I have found the door shouted Liwl, from the removed left of the landing. Open it Lwil, quickly, we cannot stand for these delays. I fear the Ethereal Planes will know of our plans shortly. Acting wi th lightning fastness Liwl pull two daggers from inside his cloak, and struck the lock.The very palace shook and with a bolt of lightning he was thrown against the wall at the other side of the landing. As I suspected, Rezarf you value your God of cartridge clip very much. You understand the power she wields Liwl GET UP Liwl obdentialy jumped to his feet and followed his master the Dark Lord to the door, now shimmering with arcanic runes. Iekkob drew forth a staff of sort, decorated with skulls of many different races, and tapped the door softly. BOOM The door flew out its hinges, flying through the room it was guarding. I see you are here Iekkob.I must assert I was expecting you when I heard what was happening outside the palace. Through the smoke and dust the slender figure of a young woman walked towards the Dark Lord. You are smarter than Rezarf gives you credit, Yholl. Are you sure you will not pairing me, the God of Time will aid my campaign well. You now where my alligance lies. Go back to the Nine Hells and patch with your Daemon servants The Gift of Time will only aid Good. Shouted Yholl, her eyes glowing brightly. today leave, you cannot harm me here, you of all people know you can only harm an Ethereal Being on the Ethereal Planes. True, but then I do not wish to harm you. You only familial the power of Time because your predessor lost his powers during the Time of Troubles. And now you to shall walk with the mortals. Iekkob laughed, that shrill piercing laugh again, and originally Yholl could react he had thrust his hand outwards. A beam of light appeared between his hand and Yholls chest, and easily a sphere of glittering gold moved along it towards him. Yholl let out a public violence as the sphere entered the Dark Lord. It is done Liwl, the God of Time is banished to the mortal coil. And so is the only power Rezarf could use to stop me. But sir, why did you not just take the power of time for yourself. or one of your su re servants. said Liwl bowing, his long nose almost touching the floor. Beacuse my loyal servant he laughed again, and the mortal Yholl fell wimpering to the floor I cannot use powers designed for good, and I cannot allow anyone, ESPECIALLY, a loyal servant to posess a power that can stop even me. And with that he disapeared. Liwl looked around at the debrey around the floor, and the wimpering mortal who was once the powerful God of Tme, and with a swoosh of his shadowy cloak followed his master into nothingness.

Saturday, May 18, 2019

The Billingual Instructors for Bilingual Educations

The amount of non-English-speaking minorities in the United States is continuously increasing. Be that as it may, there argon spate in todays society that feel that English should be the only language spoken. It is for that solid ground bilingual education may be eliminated from many public schools. Low academic outcomes from savants also grant to possible abolition of bilingual education. If schools dont obtain better methods to take over the transition from nonpareil language to another, bilingual education leave behind be faulty and seen as useless. In turn, many students will be denied the chance for an equal education.Ameri gage students have contracted the language easily because it has been incorporated into frequent events from an extremely early age. An adolescent has had at least 5 years to expose English vocabulary, and continues nurture through high school. Many bilingual programs have students on slower learning tracks where they barley learn English and from which they may never emerge.However, society wants bilingual students to learn English and learn it quickly. By eliminating bilingual education, society is telling the student to learn English, but not giving him a place to learn it. The student is not given an adequate chance, which results in bilingual persons having poor reading, writing and speaking skills. bilingual students can keep up academically with their English-speaking peers if they are taught at least partly in their native languages while learning English.There are many ways that bilingual education can be improved. By hiring bilingual teachers that communicate clearly when giving directions and accurately describing tasks will help ease the transition from a native language to English. If new information was introduced by using strategies such as thoroughly explaining, outlining, and demonstrating, comprehension of instructional tasks may be maintained. Promoting student involvement, communicating expectations of stu dents, and explaining success in terminate instructional tasks would give students motivation so they feel at ease. A new language is knotty approaching bilingual students with methods such as these could improve their learning.An effective way to have positive student outcome is to value and respect students languages and cultures. This value and respect needs to go further than the food and pass celebrations that may be the only recognition of cultures in many schools. Teachers should involve themselves by learning closely students experiences in native countries and communities in the United States, while encouraging and supporting the development of the English language. These actions and attitudes translate a student she is valued and respected this, in turn, supports a more comfortable atmosphere for her. Furthermore, it builds self-consciousness and improves academic achievement by incorporating the students cultures into classroom instruction. Building lessons from thi ngs in students experience and backgrounds promote more industrious engagement and increased learning.The will always be a need for bilingual education. There are many ways in which schools, teachers, parents as well as the student herself can improve. Answers to all of the questions pose by bilingual educators may not be available, but ideas about features of effective bilingual tuition are available. People involved in schooling need to work together to set practical(prenominal) goals and strategies to promote success of bilingual education.

Friday, May 17, 2019

Law of Negligence: 1st and 2nd essentials of Negligence Essay

INTRODUCTION default is a part of that branch of Civil rightfulnessfulness nonicen as Tort legal philosophy. Hence, inattention is a tort. different torts include nuisance, trespass (to someone or goods or land), deceit, passing off, defamation and so on. This shell leave behind examine the tort of negligence, and entrust focus on the first 2 essentials needed to spread out an characterizationionable discipline. Lecture 4 willing consider the third essential, defences and remedies in remissness.On successful fulfilment of this lecture, you should (within the scope of the course) be able to * define the meaning of tort* define negligence* identify and reap the three essentials needed to order a case in negligence * describe and discuss the jural principles hand to establish avocation of safeguard for neglectful actions * describe and discuss the legal principles use to establish province of alimony for negligent advice * identify the attributes of the hypo thetical commonsensical person * identify and describe the guidelines used to establish gaolbreak in the standardized of c beTORTA tort is defined as a civil improper (other than a break-dance of contract) in the form of a gap of calling for which the legal remedy is an award of damages. Tort Law is quite distinct from the Law of Contract. Pentony, Graw, Lennard and Parker (2003, p.367) puts the difference this styleThe main difference between tort and contract is that the law of contract essentially deals with the enforcement of rights that the parties be in possession of created for themselves through and through their promise while the law of torts deals with the enforcement of rights that realise been conferred by law irrespective of agreement.A tort will impose a transaction of some kind on a person or persons in certain mess, and its breach after part entitle the plaintiff to damages ascompensation for the loss or reproach suffered. The rights that the tort law protects include the rights of individuals non to ca-ca their property, reputation, person or certain interests offendd. heedlessnessAs noted supra, Negligence is but one of a number of torts, albeit the most cardinal one. Negligence is the doing of something which a mediocre person would not do or the failure to do something that a bonnie person would do, which inadvertently inflicts harm. That is, the plaintiff does not wee-wee to try on that the suspect either intended his act or its consequences. However, negligence involves more than just chargeless conduct, and involves a combination of the concepts of duty, breach and sufficient familiarity in law.Accordingly, in that location are 3 essentials which the plaintiff mustiness prove on the equilibrium of probabilities in order to succeed in an action in negligence 1. the suspect owed the plaintiff a duty of maintenance2. the defendant failed to conform to the required standard of guard and 3. there was a suffici ent link in law between the defendants conduct and the damage (i.e. loss or wound) suffered by the plaintiff (note the 3rd essential is often discussed in the literature under the heading of damage instead of sufficient connection in law (for example, the Understanding Business Law text at paginateboy 718). There is little practical difference between the two terms for our purposes, and the essentials as listed above will be used in our discussions.The Law of Negligence has evolved dramatically during the twentieth century. Donoghue v. Stevenson 1932 AC 562 was a landmark case which laid down the tryout for duty of grapple and held that a manufacturer was liable to the eventual(prenominal) consumer for any damage or injury arising from the consumption or use of goods which were faulty because of the manufacturers negligent act. A further watershed in negligence law in Australia came with pomelo and Associates v. Parramatta city Council (1981) 150 CLR 225, where the court held that those who give gratuitous advice could be held liable for anydamage if the advice was negligent. ** DUTY OF headacheThe Defendant must owe the Plaintiff a duty of care, which the Plaintiff must prove on the equalizer of probabilities. If no duty of care is owed, the Plaintiffs claim must fail. The judge at the trial has the obligation for deciding whether or not a duty of care hold ups as the impression is a question of law having regard to the facts of the case. The method used to try on the existence of a duty of care will differ depending on whether the action involves negligent advice or a negligent act. The test for duty of care in negligent acts is now relatively complicated, although it evolved from the relatively straightforward test from Donoghue v. Stevenson 1932 AC 562 which was based on whether or not the injury was reasonably foreseeable, and the closeness or proximity of the plaintiff to the defendant.On the other hand, the test for duty of care in negl igent advice true from Shaddock and Associates v. Parramatta metropolis Council (1981) 150 CLR 225 and is based on whether or not the advice was for a real matter which the adviser is expect to give his or her best advice and it was conceivable that the recipient act on the advice. ** work of cautiousness for thoughtless Acts ** Historical background Doctrine of Reasonable Foreseeability and Proximity The historic test for establishing the existence of a duty of care in actions involving negligent acts was laid down by the House of Lords decision in Donoghue v. Stevenson 1932 AC 562. In that decision, the pair duty of care elements of reasonable foreseeability and proximity were stated in the neighbour test by Lord Atkin ** The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbour and thelawyers question, Who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you crumb reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then in law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly touched by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called into question. ** Hence, for Lord Atkins neighbour test, two issues needed to be satisfied reasonable foreseeability and proximity. For reasonable foreseeability, the question was would a reasonable person, in the identify of the Defendant, have foreseen the likelihood of injury to the Plaintiff arising out of the Defendants behaviour? For proximity, the question can be posed thus was the proximity (closeness) of the injured Plaintiff such that the Defendant ought to have had him/her in mind when doing the alleged negligent act?The test of reasonable foreseeability is an objective one that is, what would a reasonable person have foreseen, rather than what the Defendant actual ly foresaw at the time. Further, it is not necessary that the exact temper of the loss or injury been foreseen, just the likelihood of injury of the same general character as that suffered. Both aspects do not require the Defendant to be actually aware of or know the Plaintiff as an individual it is sufficient that the plaintiff belong to a class of persons of whom the Defendant ought to have been aware when doing the alleged negligent act. *-Case thick reading Understanding Business Law (2008) text, page 695/696 -Donoghue v. Stevenson 1932 AC 562** Contemporary situation * From a number of decisions in the 1990s, the High Court moved definitely away from a one-best climb for duty of care fornegligent actions and opted for a broad approach. In special, the High Court expressed dissatisfaction with proximity proximity is no longer accepted as the specify test authors italics to establish whether there is a duty of care in any particular case (Pentony, Graw, Lennard and Parke r, 2008, p. 698). As the Understanding Business Law text (at page 698) notes, the following pattern appears to best nominate current High Court thinking in the establishment of a duty of care ** 1. subside whether or not a reasonably foreseeable luck of injury existed without reasonable foreseeability, no duty of care can exist. In some cases (especially those involving direct physical harm from the negligent action), reasonable foreseeability may be adequate in establishing a duty of care by itself. ** 2. Determine whether or not the present case is analogous to cases in which a duty of care has already been established (or is in a category in which a duty of care has been held not to exist). For example, employers are under a general duty of care, which cannot be delegated to others, to provide a safe system of work for their employees. The driver of a motor vehicle owes a duty of care to pedestrians, other road users and adjacent property owners. Other kinships which may giv e rise to a duty of care include professionals to clients, schools to students and manufacturers to consumers. ** 3. If the case does not gloaming into an established category, the Court may look at the important features of the case to establish whether a sufficiently close neighbourhood relationship exists to justify a duty of care. In establishing this, the courts can consider the plaintiffs vulnerability in the matter, along with their reliance on the wrongdoer, the wrongdoers assumption of responsibility (if any) and the wrongdoers level of control in their actions. ** 4. Determine whether or not policy considerations exist which may work against the finding of a duty of care in such circumstances, especially where a defendant might otherwise be subjected to liability of an indeterminate extent such considerations allow the courts to iron out competing considerations of legal policy to determine whether, despite proof of foreseeability and neighbourhood, a duty should not be compel (Pentony, Graw, Lennard and Parker, 2003, p. 374). ** - Specific reading from the Understanding Business Law (2008) text * - Chapter 22, separate 22.22 through 22.29 discusses the contemporary approach in detail. ** Once the facts of the case aid the finding that the Defendant owed the Plaintiff a duty of care when doing the alleged negligent act, it does not automatically lead to an award of damages, as the plaintiff must bland prove the other essentials *(i) the defendant was in breach of the Standard of Care (refer 2nd Essential below) (ii) there was a Sufficient Connection in Law (refer 3rd Essential, Lecture 4)Duty of Care for negligent AdviceThere are clear differences between negligent words and negligent acts. According to Chief evaluator Gibbs in Shaddock and Associates v. Parramatta urban center Council (1981) 150 CLR 225, there are three key points of departure, summarized as follows. First, negligent words cannot cause loss by themselves they cause loss on ly because persons act on them in reliance. Second, it is not uncommon for people in amicable or informal contexts to make statements less carefully than if they were giving advice in rail line orprofessionally. Last, words may foreseeability receive such a insurance coverage or circulation that the application of Donoghue v. Stevenson (i.e. neighbourhood) might lead to many claims for large amounts of damages. Accordingly, the High Court in Shaddock developed the following test involving the following three questions, all of which must be answered in the positive for a duty of care to exist1. Was the advice abandoned on a serious matter?2. Did the verbaliser realise, or ought he to have pull in, that his advice would be acted upon? 2. Was it reasonable for the recipient to act on the advice?-Case Summary reading Understanding Business Law (2008) text, pages 729-730 -Shaddock and Associates v. Parramatta City Council (1981) 150 CLR 225Once the facts of the case support the Shaddock tests, it can be concluded that the adviser owed the plaintiff a duty of care. However, such a finding does not automatically lead to an award of damages, as the plaintiff must still prove the other essentials(i) the defendant was in breach of the Standard of Care (refer 2nd Essential below) (ii) there was a Sufficient Connection in Law (refer 3rd Essential, Lecture 4).* BREACH OF STANDARD OF CAREcondition that a duty of care is owed, then how much care has to be exercised? The defendant has to take reasonable care, that is, to act as a reasonable person would have in the circumstances. The reasonable person is not a real person merely a hypothetical benchmark or device used by the courts, and is deemed to have the following attributes1. IntelligenceThere is a presumption of average intelligence. If a defendant has above average intelligence, this person is not judged according to above average intelligence. On the other hand, if a person has below average intelligence, th is person is judged according to the same standard the standard for a person of average intelligence.2. Knowledge and SkillThere is a presumption of a certain level of noesis and skill that can reasonably be expected of persons in the position, trade, qualifications or profession of the defendant. The defendants actual knowledge and skill are generally irrelevant, as the presumed amount depends on the qualifications the person possesses. For example, drivers must have the skill of a competent driver, and people in a trade, profession or business are measured by standards of knowledge and skill which one can reasonably expect in the trade, profession or business. These standards are set by objectively analysed residential district standards and not the prevailing standards of the particular profession which may have lagged behind perceived comm building blocky standards.If a person holds out that they have special knowledge or skill not normally associated with the trade, business or profession, then that person will be judged on the basis that he does have these superior standards. However, if people who have extra expertise do not hold themselves out as having such additional expertise, then they will only be judged by the standards applicable to the trade, business or profession they are practising. There are some exceptions, including minors, who are judged against normal children of the same age. ** Guidelines as to Breach of Standard of Care The Courts have developed various guidelines which may be relevant and useful in determining a breach in the standard of care in the circumstances* The chance of Harm* The Seriousness of Possible Injury* The be and Opport unities of reducing or avoiding the attempt * TheValue of the Defendants Conduct* Conformity with Established Standards** The Probability of HarmThe guideline establishes that the greater the probability of harm, the greater the amount of care which has to be taken. That is, the greater the ri sk of some kind of harmful injury or loss occurring in the circumstances, the greater the standard of care that would be shown by a reasonable person in their actions and consequently, the greater the probability of a breach if such reasonable care is not exercised. *-Case Summary reading Understanding Business Law (2008) text, page 709 -Bolton v Stone 1951 AC 850** The Seriousness of Possible InjuryThe guideline establishes that the more serious the possible consequences of injury, the greater the degree of care which has to be shown. That is, the greater the likelihood that some serious injury will arise in the circumstances, the greater the standard of care that would be shown by a reasonable person in their actions and consequently, the greater the probability of a breach if such reasonable care is not exercised. *-Case Summary reading Understanding Business Law (2008) text, page 708 -Paris v Stepney Borough Council 1951 AC 367** The Cost and Opportunities of Reducing/Avoiding the RiskThe guideline establishes that when cost and difficulty of avoiding risk is great and the actual risk is humiliated, then there is less likelihood of a breach, and vice versa. That is, if the cost and difficulty of avoiding the risk is small and the actual risk is great, then there is a greater likelihood of a breach if therapeutic action is not taken.-Case Summary reading Understanding Business Law (2003) text, page 381 -Latimer v AEC Ltd 1953 AC 643 (section 16.40)*-Case Summary reading Understanding Business Law (2008) text, page 712 -Haley v capital of the United Kingdom Electricity Board 1965 AC 778** The Value of the Defendants ConductThe guideline establishes that the less the social or economic value of the defendants conduct the greater the likelihood of a breach in the standard of care and vice versa. This of course does not mean that providers of essential services can be careless. The guideline arguably imposes a public policy dimension on the standard of ca re issue.* Conformity with established standardsConformity with established standards in any trade or profession is important evidence that reasonable care exercised, and vice versa.-Case Summary reading Understanding Business Law (2008) text, page 714 -Derrick v Cheung (2001) 181 ALR 301-Case Summary reading Understanding Business Law (2008) text, page 715 (section 22.46) Mercer v Commissioner for Road Transport and Tramways (NSW) (1937) 56 CLR 580The standard of care is set by reference to objectively assessed community values. Indeed, just because a defendant follows common practice does not necessarily show that he is not negligent as a common practice may be shown by evidence to be itself negligent. ** - Reading for this lecture from the Understanding Business Law text * - Read Chapter 22, sections 22.1 through 22.47. sections 22.67 through 22.74 *** self test exercises Lecture 3Multiple choice questions1. Which of the following is true of torts?a) includes any civil wrongb) has an award of damages as the legal remedyc) does include breaches of contractd) all of the abovee) twain (b) and (c) above2. Which of the following is not relevant in establishing Negligence? a) there was a contractual agreement between the plaintiff and the defendantb) the defendant failed to show the required standard of carec) the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of cared) the defendant intended to harm the plaintiffe) both (a) and (d) above3. The twin tests of reasonable foreseeability and proximity have historically been used to establish a) whether or not a breach in the required extent of care has arisen b) a duty of care for negligent actionsc) that the damage suffered by the plaintiff was not too remote d) the defendants liability for damages in tort generally e) none of the above4. Which of the following is relevant to the contemporary approach to establishing a Duty of Care for negligent conduct? a) determine whether or not a reasonably foreseeable risk of injury e xisted b) determine whether or not the case before the court is analogous to previous cases in which a duty of care has been found to exist c) determine whether a sufficiently close neighbourhood relationship exists to justify a duty of care d) determine whether or not policy considerations exist which may work against the finding of a duty of care e) all of the above5. In which of the following is Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 most associated in this unit? a) value of the defendants conductb) remoteness of lossc) occasiond) duty of care for negligent actse) contributory negligence6. Under the contemporary approach to establishing a Duty of Care, which of the following relationships would likely give rise to a duty of care? a) Alan, an employer and Bob, an employee of Alanb) Echo, a driver of a motor vehicle, and Foxtrot, another road user c) Alpha, a doctor, and Bravo, his patientd) Maker, a manufacturer, and User, a consumer of his products e) all of the above7. Which of the followin g is a requirement for establishing duty of care in negligent advice from Shaddock v Parramatta City Council (1981)? a) theadvice must be true and correctb) it was reasonable for the recipient to act on the advice b) the speaker realised or should have realised that the recipient would act on the advice c) the recipient paid for the advicee) both (b) and (c)8. In relation to an action in Negligence, how much care must the defendant have shown in the circumstances to avoid breaching the required standard of care? a) the amount of care a reasonable person would have shownb) the amount of care the plaintiff would himself have shown c) the amount of care the defendant actually showedd) the amount of care an ordinary person standing nearby would have shown e) the amount of care a lawyer would have shown in the circumstances9. In which of the following is Haley v London Electricity Board 1965 most associated in this unit? a) probability of harmb) seriousness of possible injuryc) costs and opportunities of avoiding the riskd) value of the defendants conducte) conformity with established standards10. In which of the following is Paris v Stepney Borough Council 1951 most associated in this unit? a) probability of harmb) seriousness of possible injuryc) costs and opportunities of avoiding the riskd) value of the defendants conducte) conformity with established standards11. In which of the following is Derrick v Cheung (2001) most associated in this unit? a) probability of harmb) seriousness of possible injuryc) costs and opportunities of avoiding the riskd) value of the defendants conducte) conformity with established standards12. In which of the following is Bolton v Stone 1951 most associated in this unit? a) probability of harmb) seriousness of possible injuryc) costs and opportunities of avoiding the riskd) value of the defendants conducte) conformity with established standards**** Short Answer Questions ** Question 1In a negligence case, name and describe one (1) g uideline which the court may use to determine whether the required standard of care has been met.Question 2Briefly explain the significance of the decision in Donoghue v. Stevenson.Question 3In the tort of negligent advice, how does the law determine whether the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care?Question 4Who or what is a reasonable person?LAW1100DTUTORIAL 3Question 1The WA Parliament passes legislation and an assiduity body is concerned about the interpretation and application of a particular section which statesno person shall sell or offer to sell an offensive arm in a shop.Unfortunately, there is no definition of the term offensive weapon in the legislation. The industry bodys concern about the possible application of the Act to four of its members (a supermarket, a pursual shop, a coffee shop proprietor and an antiques shop owner) centres around four possible scenarios(i) Would the section apply to a supermarket which gives away a free steak knife for every purchas e of goods over $100? (ii) Would the section apply to a hobby shop which sells a plastic toy gun for $20 to a guest? (iii) Would the section apply to a coffee shop in which a customer potable coffee at a table also sells a flick-knife for $15 to another customer? (iv) Would the section apply to an antique shop which sells a Napoleonic cavalry sword to a gatherer for $25,000?What is the likely interpretation of the statute for each of these scenarios? Use the rules of statutory interpretation to support your answer.Question 2A section of an Act provides as followsWhere a mortgagee sells land to recover the amount of a loan advanced on the security of the land and the sale of the land provides more than the balance of the mortgage, the balance after sale shall go to the person entitled to the property.Mark mortgaged his land to ABC marge in return for a loan of $200,000. Mark is unable to repay the loan, and the ABC Bank (which was given the power of sale by the mortgage document) sold the land to Fred for $250,000. Using the rules of statutory interpretation, which party gets the balance of $50,000 is it ABC Bank, Mark or Fred?Question 3We are told that law is a set of rules that is at long last enforced in the Courts. One source of law is statute law. To enforce a rule in a statute,the meaning of it must be understood. To understand the meaning, the words of the rule must be interpreted. If we are to have confidence in the law, this interpretation must be consistent case after case. mull over on the above statement, and then describe the acquired immune deficiency syndrome to interpretation provided by the Parliament and the common law statutory interpretation rules used by the Courts. In your answer, discuss whether or not you think these aids to interpretation and rules are sufficient to ensure the consistent interpretation of statutes.